AIDS-HIV Related Terms
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Salmonella
A family of gram-negative bacteria, found in undercooked poultry or eggs, that are a common cause of food poisoning, and that can cause serious disseminated disease in HIV-infected persons.
Salvage Therapy
Also referred to as rescue therapy. A treatment effort for people whose antiretroviral regimens have failed at least two times and who have had extensive prior exposure to antiretroviral agents. Some use these terms when any patient's HAART regimen has failed. In this case, failed refers to the inability of a drug to achieve and sustain low viral loads.
Samhsa
See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Sarcoma
A malignant (cancerous) tumor of the skin and soft tissue.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown cause or origin, characterized by moderate erythema; dry, moist, or greasy scaling; and yellow crusted patches on various areas, including the mid-parts of the face, ears, supraorbital regions (above the orbit of the eye), umbilicus (the navel), genitalia, and especially the scalp.
Secondary Prophylaxis
See Maintenance Therapy.
Sepsis
The presence of harmful micro-organisms or associated toxins in the blood.
Seroconversion
The development of antibodies to a particular antigen. When people develop antibodies to HIV, they seroconvert from antibody-negative to antibody-positive. It may take from as little as 1 week to several months or more after infection with HIV for antibodies to the virus to develop. After antibodies to HIV appear in the blood, a person should test positive on antibody tests. See Incubation Period; Window Period.
Serologic Test
Any number of tests that are performed on the clear fluid portion of blood. Often refers to a test that determines the presence of antibodies to antigens such as viruses.
Seroprevalence
As related to HIV infection, the proportion of persons who have serologic (i.e., pertaining to serum) evidence of HIV infection at any given time. See Serum.
Serostatus
Results of a blood test for specific antibodies.
Serum
The clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation (clotting). Serum contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen.
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
(Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase.) Also known as AST (aspartate aminotransaminase), a liver enzyme that plays a role in protein metabolism, such as SGPT. Elevated serum levels of SGOT are a sign of liver damage from disease or drugs.
Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)
(Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase.) Also known as ALT (alanine aminotransaminase), a liver enzyme that plays a role in protein metabolism like SGOT. Elevated serum levels of SGPT are a sign of liver damage from disease or drugs.
Set Point
The measurable holding point or balance between the virus and the body's immune system reported as the viral load measurement. The viral set point is established within a few weeks to months after infection and is thought to remain steady for an indefinite period of time. Set points are thought to determine how long it will take for disease progression to occur.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Also called venereal disease (VD) (an older public health term) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread by the transfer of organisms from person to person during sexual contact. In addition to the 'traditional' STDs (syphilis and gonorrhea), the spectrum of STDs now includes HIV infection, which causes AIDS; Chlamydia trachomatis infections; human papilloma virus (HPV) infection; genital herpes; chancroid; genital mycoplasmas; hepatitis B; trichomoniasis; enteric infections; and ectoparasitic diseases (i.e., diseases caused by organisms that live on the outside of the host's body). The complexity and scope of STDs have increased dramatically since the 1980s; more than 20 micro-organisms and syndromes are now recognized as belonging in this category.
Shingles
See Herpes Varicella Zoster Virus.
SHIV
Genetically engineered hybrid virus having an HIV envelope and an SIV core. See Genetic Engineering; Hybrid; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV).
Side Effects
The actions or effects of a drug (or vaccine) other than those desired. The term usually refers to undesired or negative effects, such as headache, skin irritation, or liver damage. Experimental drugs must be evaluated for both immediate and long-term side effects.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)
An HIV-like virus that infects monkeys, chimpanzees, and other non-human primates.
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses.
SIT
See Structured Intermittent Therapy.
SIV
See Simian Immunodeficiency Virus.
Special Projects Of National Significance (SPNS)
The SPNS Program is the research and demonstration program of the Ryan White C.A.R.E. Act. The program's mission is to advance knowledge and skills in health and support services for persons with HIV/AIDS. The authorizing legislation specifies three objectives for this program: (1) to assess the effectiveness of particular models of care, (2) to support innovative program design, and (3) to promote replication of effective models.
Spinal Tap
See Lumbar Puncture.
Spleen
Large lymphatic organ in the upper left of the abdominal cavity with several functions trapping of foreign matter in the blood, destruction of degraded red blood cells and foreign matter by macrophages, formation of new lymphocytes and antibody production, and storage of excess red blood cells.
Splenomegaly
An enlarged spleen.
Sputum Analysis
Method of detecting certain infections (especially tuberculosis) by culturing of sputum-the mucus matter that collects in the respiratory and upper digestive passages and is expelled by coughing.
Standard Of Care
Treatment regimen or medical management based on state-of-the-art patient care.
Staphylococcus
Type of bacteria that may cause various types of infections.
STD
See Sexually Transmitted Disease.
Stem Cells (FDCS)
Cells from which all blood cells derive. Bone marrow is rich in stem cells. Clones of stem cells may become any one of the repertoires of immune cells depending upon exposure to specific cytokines and hormones.
Steroid
Member of a large family of structurally similar lipid substances. Steroid molecules have a basic skeleton consisting of four interconnected carbon rings. Different classes of steroids have different functions. All the natural sex hormones are steroids. Anabolic steroids increase muscle mass. Anti-inflammatory steroids (or corticosteroids) can reduce swelling, pain, and other manifestations of inflammation.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
A severe and sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme that is characterized by severe skin manifestations; conjunctivitis (eye inflammation), which often results in blindness; Vincent's angina (trench mouth); and ulceration of the genitals and anus.
STI
See Structured Treatment Interruption.
Stomatitis
Any of numerous inflammatory diseases of the mouth (e.g., canker sores, thrush, fever blisters) having various causes, such as mechanical trauma, irritants, allergy, vitamin deficiency, or infection.
Strain
Subgroup of a species (also called taxon).
Stratification
A layered configuration.
Structured Intermittent Therapy (SIT)
Carefully planned periods or regimens of intermittent therapy that might sustain viral control while reducing costs of treatment. See Structured Treatment Interruption.
Structured Treatment Interruption (STI)
STI is the planned interruption of treatment by discontinuation of all antiretroviral drugs. There are four reasons to consider STI (1) to provide a 'drug holiday' to patients to relieve them of the inconvenience and toxicity of unsuccessful antiretroviral therapy and to improve the response to salvage therapy by allowing the emergence of wild-type virus; (2) to 're-immunize' the patient to HIV in the hopes of regaining immunologic control through a regenerated HIV-specific immune response; (3) to decrease the cumulative exposure to antiretroviral agents, reducing toxicity and cost and improving quality of life; and (4) to discontinue antiretroviral drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Study Endpoint
A primary or secondary outcome used to judge the effectiveness of a treatment.
Subarachnoid Space
The space through which the spinal fluid circulates.
Subclinical Infection
An infection, or phase of infection, without readily apparent symptoms or signs of disease.
Subcutaneous (SQ)
Beneath the skin or introduced beneath the skin (e.g., subcutaneous injections).
Substance Abuse And Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. SAMHSA's mission within the Nation's health system is to improve the quality and availability of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation services in order to reduce illness, death, disability, and cost to society resulting from substance abuse and mental illnesses. Internet address
Subunit HIV Vaccine
A genetically engineered vaccine that is based on only part of the HIV molecule. See Genetic Engineering.
Sulfa Drug
A sulfonamide drug used to treat bacterial infections. These drugs inhibit the action of p-aminobenzoic acid, a substance bacteria need in order to reproduce.
Sulfonamides
Synthetic derivatives of p-aminobenzene sulfonamide. See Sulfa Drug.
Superantigen
Investigators have proposed that a molecule known as a superantigen, made by either HIV or an unrelated agent, may stimulate massive quantities of CD4+ T cells at once, rendering them highly susceptible to HIV infection and subsequent cell death. See Antigen.
Suppressor T Cells
(T8, CD8) Subset of T cells that halts antibody production and other immune responses.
Surrogate Markers
Variables (measures) that are followed in clinical trials when the variable of the primary interest cannot conveniently be observed in a direct manner. Two commonly used surrogate markers in HIV studies are CD4+ T cell counts and quantitative plasma HIV RNA (viral load).
Surveillance
See Epidemiologic Surveillance.
Susceptible
Vulnerable or predisposed to a disease or infection.
Symptoms
Any perceptible, subjective change in the body or its functions that indicates disease or phases of disease, as reported by the patient.
Syncytium
('Giant Cells') Dysfunctional multicellular clumps formed by cell-to-cell fusion. Cells infected with HIV may also fuse with nearby uninfected cells, forming balloon-like giant cells called syncytia. In test tube experiments, these giant cells have been associated with the death of uninfected cells. The presence of so-called syncytia-inducing variants of HIV has been correlated with rapid disease progression in HIV-infected individuals.
Syndrome
A group of symptoms as reported by the patient and signs as detected in an examination that together are characteristic of a specific condition.
Synergism, Synergistic
An interaction between two or more treatments (e.g., drugs) that produces or enhances an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects produced by the individual treatments.
Synthesis
1. In chemistry, the formation of a compound from simpler compounds or elements. 2. The production of a substance (e.g., as in protein synthesis) by the union of chemical elements, groups, or simpler compounds, or by the degradation (i.e., breaking down) of a complex compound.
Syphilis
A primarily sexually transmitted disease resulting from infection with the spirochete (a bacterium), Treponema pallidum. Syphilis can also be acquired in the uterus during pregnancy.
Systemic
Concerning or affecting the body as a whole. A systemic therapy is one that the entire body is exposed to, rather than just the target tissues affected by a disease.
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