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Cancer Drugs

- L -

  • Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

  • A live specific strain of the species, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (a subspecies of Lactobacillus casei) with probiotic properties. When administered orally, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG adheres to the mucous membrane of the intestine and may help to restore the balance of the GI microflora; promote gut-barrier functions; diminish the production of carcinogenic compounds by other intestinal bacteria; and activate the innate immune response and enhance adaptive immunity, especially during infections.

  • Lamictal

  • (Other name for: lamotrigine)

  • lamivudine

  • A synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. Intracellularly, lamivudine is phosphorylated to its active metabolites, lamiduvine triphosphate (L-TP) and lamiduvine monophosphate (L-MP). In HIV, L-TP inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into viral DNA. In HBV, incorporation of L-MP into viral DNA by HBV polymerase results in DNA chain termination. L-TP is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and beta, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase.

  • lamotrigine

  • A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake.

  • Lanoxin

  • (Other name for: digoxin)

  • lanreotide acetate copolymer microparticles

  • A prolonged-release depot suspension of microparticles containing the acetate salt of lanreotide, a synthetic peptide analog of the naturally occurring somatostatin, and copolymers. Lanreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by binding to pituitary somatostatin receptors, and may inhibit various other hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gastroenteropancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and gastrin. This agent has a much longer duration of action than natural somatostatin and is selective towards the inhibition of growth hormone.

  • lapatinib ditosylate

  • The ditosylate salt of a synthetic, orally-active quinazoline with potential antineoplastic properties. Lapatinib reversibly blocks phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB2, and the Erk-1 and-2 and AKT kinases; it also inhibits cyclin D protein levels in human tumor cell lines and xenografts. EGFR and ErbB2 have been implicated in the growth of various tumor types.

  • L-Asnase

  • (Other name for: asparaginase)

  • Lastet

  • (Other name for: etoposide)

  • L-citrulline

  • A non-essential amino acid. In hepatocytes, L-citrulline is synthesized in the urea cycle by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia to ornithine. L-citrulline is converted into L-arginine by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase in the presence of L-aspartate and ATP. Subsequently, L-arginine is converted to nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline is regenerated as a by-product .

  • lenalidomide

  • A thalidomide analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenalidomide inhibits TNF-alpha production, stimulates T cells, reduces serum levels of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent also promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells.

  • Lescol

  • (Other name for: Fluvastatin Sodium)

  • lestaurtinib

  • An orally bioavailable indolocarbazole derivative with antineoplastic properties. Lestaurtinib inhibits autophosphorylation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), resulting in inhibition of FLT3 activity and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress FLT3.

  • letrozole

  • A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis that resembles paclitaxel in chemical structure. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, letrozole selectively and reversibly inhibits aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast; aromatase catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. In estrogen-dependent breast cancers, anastrozole may inhibit tumor growth.

  • leucovorin calcium

  • An active metabolite of folic acid (also called folinic acid and citrovorum factor), which does not require metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase, the molecular target of folate antagonist-type chemotherapeutic drugs. Leucovorin calcium counteracts the toxic effects of these medications, 'rescuing' the patient while permitting the antitumor activity of the folate antagonist. This agent also potentiates the effects of fluorouracil and its derivatives by stabilizing the binding of the drug's metabolite to its target enzyme, thus prolonging drug activity.

  • Leukeran

  • (Other name for: chlorambucil)

  • Leukine

  • (Other name for: sargramostim)

  • leuprolide acetate

  • The acetate salt of a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Leuprolide binds to and activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of leuprolide in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. This agent reduces testosterone production to castration levels and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression.

  • Leustatin

  • (Other name for: cladribine)

  • levocarnitine

  • An amino acid derivative. Levocarnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

  • levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system

  • A long-acting, hormone-releasing, intrauterine device consisting of a small, T-shaped, polyethylene frame and a reservoired synthetic progesterone with progestational and potential antineoplastic activities. After insertion of this system into the uterus, the device slowly and gradually releases the hormone. Levonorgestrel acts by binding to the progesterone receptor in the nuclei of target cells, resulting in transcription activation and an alteration in protein synthesis. Subsequently, luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and ovulation are suppressed. Levonorgestrel may also exhibit antiproliferative activity in endometrial tissue.

  • Levulan

  • (Other name for: aminolevulinic acid)

  • Lexapro

  • (Other name for: escitalopram oxalate)

  • licorice root

  • The root of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic activities. Licorice root contains the calcium and potassium salts of the glycoside glycerrhizinic acid (also known as glycyrrhizin) and numerous flavonoids. After hydrolysis from glycerrhizinic acid in vivo, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of cortisol to the inactive steroid cortisone, elevated cortisol levels, and increased binding of cortisol to mineralocorticoid receptors. In addition, GA inhibits 17,20-lyase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in decreased conversions of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione and androstenedione to testosterone. The primary antioxidant found in licorice root, the flavonoid glabridin, has been shown to inactivate or inhibit the activities of some human P450 enzymes in vitro. In some tumor cells, beta-hydroxy-DHP, another flavonoid found in licorice root, may induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest; this mechanism of action is similar to that of the antimicrotubule agents.

  • Lidothesin

  • (Other name for: lidocaine)

  • Linomide

  • (Other name for: roquinimex)

  • lintuzumab

  • A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against CD33, a cell surface antigen found on myeloid leukemia blasts and early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Lintuzumab stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing CD33, resulting in a decrease in tumor burden. The humanized version of this monoclonal antibody exhibits less immunogenicity and improved binding affinity compared to its murine counterpart.

  • Lipiocis

  • (Other name for: iodine I 131 lipiodol)

  • Lipiodol

  • (Other name for: ethiodized oil)

  • LipoDox

  • (Other name for: doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome)

  • liposomal daunorubicin citrate

  • A liposome-encapsulated form of the citrate salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin. Daunorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin citrate improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects.

  • liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate complex

  • A formulation of the citrate salt of the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, encapsulated within liposomes, with antitumor activity. Doxorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects while lowering the toxicity profile.

  • Lisacort

  • (Other name for: prednisone)

  • Lithotabs

  • (Other name for: lithium carbonate)

  • L-leucovorin

  • The active l-isomer of the racemic mixture of the 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. Metabolically active, l-leucovorin, also known levoleucovorin, does not require bioactivation by dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme inhibited by folic acid antagonists. This agent may enhance the effects of fluoropyrimidines by stabilizing their binding to the enzyme thymidylate synthase.

  • LMB-2 immunotoxin

  • A fusion protein consisting of the Fv portion of a monoclonal antibody attached to a 38-kDa fragment of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (with amino acids 365-380 deleted). LMB-2 immunotoxin targets the interleukin 2 receptor (also known as IL-2R or CD25) which is expressed on activated normal T and B cells and macrophages and on the cells of various hematologic malignancies. The antibody attaches to the IL-2R on the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.

  • LMB-9 immunotoxin

  • A recombinant disulfide stabilized anti-Lewis Y IgG immunotoxin containing a 38 KD toxic element derived from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and a monoclonal antibody fragment, designed to attack adenocarcinomas expressing Lewis Y. LMB-9 immunotoxin attaches to tumor cells, facilitating he entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.

  • lomustine

  • A nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Lomustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent also carbamoylates DNA and proteins, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and disruption of RNA processing. Lomustine is lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier.

  • lonafarnib

  • A synthetic tricyclic derivative of carboxamide with antineoplastic properties. Lonarfanib binds to and inhibits farnesyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification and activation of Ras proteins. Ras proteins participate in numerous signalling pathways (proliferation, cytoskeletal organization), and play an important role in oncogenesis. Mutated ras proteins have been found in a wide range of human cancers.

  • lovastatin

  • A lactone metabolite isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus with cholesterol-lowering activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Lovastatin is hydrolyszed to the active beta-hydroxyacid form, which competitively inhibits 3-hydroxyl-3-methylgutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an enzyme involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, this agent may inhibit tumor cell proliferation and reduce tumor cell invasiveness, thereby decreasing tumor metastatic potential; induce tumor cell apoptosis, possibly by inhibiting protein geranylgeranylation and; arrest cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, an effect that sensitizes tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation.

  • L-threo-dihydrosphingosine

  • A saturated derivative of sphingosine. As an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), L-threo-dihydrosphingosine competitively binds to the regulatory phorbol-binding domain of PKC, a kinase involved in tumorigenesis. This agent has been shown to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents and may potentiate chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.

  • Lupron Depot-Ped

  • (Other name for: leuprolide acetate)

  • Luteohormone

  • (Other name for: progesterone)

  • lutetium Lu 177 monoclonal antibody J591

  • A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen linked to a beta-emitting radioisotope (lutetium-177). This radioimmunoconjugate binds to tumor cells that express the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen, delivering beta particle radiation selectively to tumor cells expressing this antigen and so limiting the exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation.

  • Lutrin

  • (Other name for: motexafin lutetium)

  • lycopene

  • A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard ageing and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

  • Lymphazurin

  • (Other name for: isosulfan blue)

  • LymphoCide

  • (Other name for: epratuzumab)

  • lymphokine-activated killer cells

  • Killer cell lymphocytes activated in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs) are cytotoxic effector cells with an exceptionally wide target cell spectrum including normal and malignant cells of different origins. LAK cells exhibit a profound heterogeneity with regard to phenotype surface marker expression; it remains to be determined if they represent a unique cell lineage.

  • Lyovac Cosmegen

  • (Other name for: dactinomycin)

  • Lysodren

  • (Other name for: mitotane)


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Cancer Drugs


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